Stillness and Motion in Movement
or How Standing Meditation Can Help your Practice
Zhan Zhuang (pronounced Jam Jong) is a standing exercise fundamental to the martial art yiquan (I chuan or Mind Fist). It's part meditation, part physical exercise, but it's just standing still. Seriously, the basic components of yiquan are a series of 5 postures that you hold from 2 - 20 minutes. Unlike Yoga, these standing postures are very simple, typically involving the weight evenly distributed over the feet, only changing the position of the hands and the depth of the squat for each posture. Yiquan masters claim that these postures will give you physical strength, increase cardiovascular health, promote mental clarity, and cure diseases.
Before I get into a discussion of what I really admire about these exercises and how they can fit into a current training program, I want to look a little more at the foundation of practice and what the postures entail. The basic stance, Wuji (Wu Chi), is simply standing with the feet hip-to-shoulder width apart, the tailbone tucked under slightly in a pelvic tilt, the arms by the sides with space under the armpits so that they make a very loose oval shape, fingers spread slightly, shoulders relaxed down and slightly forward, and the chin tucked under so the crown of the head can extend gently towards the ceiling. Hold for 2 - 10 minutes.
So this doesn't SOUND like a very challenging exercise... until you try it. When I first started doing Zhan Zhuang, I would try to force myself to hold some of the postures for a long time. I figured because I would do 40+ minutes of seated meditation, would do 60 minutes of yoga or Tai Chi, that the standing exercises SURELY must be easy. I was wrong, I hurt myself. More than once!
I think the trickiest thing about Zhan Zhuang and other standing meditations is that the longer you stand, the more your body wants to tense to stay in place. The muscles that start out taking the postural strain fatigue, so your body recruits more and more muscles, or the same muscles at higher load, until a lot of the body is involved. Great, right?
WRONG.
Postural Load
There are two basic types of muscles we're interested in when we're looking at movement and stillness: the postural muscles and the prime movers. The postural muscles are the muscles that give shape to the spine and trunk, the "essential" posture. We're talking about the muscles that support our bodies against gravity, create length through the spine, and keep us balanced in ambulation. These muscles tend to be "deep" or close to the spine- the diaphragm, the pelvic floor, the arches of the feet, the deep spinal stabilizers, the iliopsoas, etc. The prime movers are the muscles that are designed to, well, move the limbs. The quadireceps, the biceps, the pec muscles and so on.
What isn't necessarily taught, however, is that these two systems need to work in harmony. It seems elementary- the postural muscles hold us up and then the prime movers operate around that framework. And optimally, that's how it should be! But through holding patterns, compensations, muscular imbalance, injury, self-expression, and even emotions, those relationships can change.
What hopefully starts out as a system in harmony, can rapidly and totally without conscious effort, change and alter in ways that we don't expect. Muscles and fascial lose elasticity, can become adhered to other fascia and muscles, can shorten, lengthen, tense, or lose tone. Prime movers can take over postural roles, postural muscles can give up the fight against gravity, and we can decondition ourselves so that the "core" or deep muscles no longer give us the support that they are capable of.
Load
Our bodies are constantly in motion. Rather, they are constantly influenced by forces that cause them to adapt. Remember- you are constantly conditioning your body somehow, regardless of how you value that conditioning. Even sitting and watching TV is conditioning because we can never escape the force that gravity exerts on our bodies (external) and we can never escape the forces that the weight of our extremities exerts on ourselves (internal). Sitting with the head slumped forwards puts the weight of the head over the muscles of the neck, shoulders, and back. Standing with the weight on one foot over the other places more strain on the loaded side.
But more than physical load, we also have to contend with emotional load. Our minds, like our bodies, are constantly in motion (I think they are the same thing, as we'll discuss in a moment). Emotion is energetic motion- E-motion. If you think that sounds a little new-age-y, then emotions are an electro-chemical signal sent by brain to body through the nerves. Emotions effect muscle tension, as in defensive posture, or relaxation. The autonomic nervous system effects heart rate, blood pressure, resting muscle tension, breath rate, blood flow, etc. As above, so below, as within, so without. The one effects the other, always.
Zhan Zhuang
So back to our standing meditation exercise. Let's go one step at a time and break this down, looking at physical and philosophical ramifications for each step.
Feet
We start with the feet spread about shoulder width apart with the weight centered toward the front of the foot. The weight should be balanced between both sides of the feet, not so far forward that the toes clench, slightly off of the heel. The toes should point mostly forward, but not so that it's forced.
So, why this position? Well, here, the natural position of the foot lends itself to engaging the arch of the foot without excessive torsion. If the foot pronates, drops inward, the arch of the foot collapses, If the weight is in the heel, it's easy to lock the leg and send the postural strain into the skeleton and not into the muscles. If the toes are pointed outward too much, you might end up bow-legged or supinating. The whole posture of Zhan Zhuang is geared toward balanced effort and avoiding compensations, so starting with a firm base is very useful
Knees
The knees are slightly bent, pointed the same direction as the toes. Here, we're looking at hip-knee-ankle-toe alignment. Not that there's an "ideal" alignment, but compensation at one joint effects another. So a collapse at the ankle (pronation) tends to pull the knee inward, tends to increase the lordotic arch at the lower back. Take some time to play with the hip-knee-ankle-foot alignment so that they're "active" but not excessively rotated in either direction. Starting at the feet, if you activate the arch of the foot, you might need to "squeeze" with the knees or rotate them slightly medially again to keep them in line.
Hips
The hips should be slightly "tucked under", drawing the tailbone under into a pelvic tilt. This is another "wiggle" play where you have to pelvic tilt and then relax the glutes and lower abs. Tuck, relax, tuck, relax... trying to open the lower back or reduce the curvature and also avoid tensing the abdominals and messing with your breathing pattern.
Shoulders
Shoulders should be relaxed without being slumped. Drop the sternum slightly, create space under the armpits. Fingers similarly should have some space. The head lifts gently toward the ceiling. The effect that we are trying to create is "extending" the spine or creating less of an "S" shaped spine and more of an "l" (lower-case L) shaped spine. You won't or shouldn't try to get rid of ALL of the curves, just a longer line, more evenly stacked.
Meditation
After you get all of the postural bits, we get to the hard work. Maybe it took you a few minutes to get all of the steps in order and now you're there, now you're feeling good. Here's where the hard part starts... Now you have to...
get ready...
...
STAY RELAXED. Or relax, and then stay relaxed. Here's where the awareness, the internal focus, the real work starts.
Once you are in position, you have to stay ever-so vigilant, fully tuned in, listening oh-so-softly, oh-so-carefully, to make sure that you are relaxed. The natural tendency is, as the body fatigues, to start to shift the effort to other muscles. It's automatic, it's unconscious. It just happens- your body naturally wants to make any load easier so it transfers effort. So if you feel your neck starting to tense, re-adjust your head and shoulders and rib cage. If your lower back starts feeling effort, re-engage your pelvic tilt.
And the longer you practice, the more positions you practice, the deeper and deeper the effort goes, feeling more and more sensitively into your body. It never ends, really, this striving for balance. Striving for relaxation.
Conclusion
This is where we get to the line between meditation and exercise and internal and external. I've already posited that emotions and posture effect each other, that thoughts and muscles both follow a feedback loop. During Zhan Zhuang, the "inner" effort of keeping your muscles relaxed and keeping your mind focused blur, they become the same. That "energy" that normally gets wrapped up in making thoughts gets diverted into paying attention to your posture and strain. The effort of watching gets wrapped up in the effort of the muscles.
Our internal struggles are mirrored in the physical body and the changes in tension in the physical body are reflected in the internal "tension" that we experience. Movement, even movement in stillness like Zhan Zhuang, is catharsis, and how we approach our bodies and the stresses that effect us I think shows a lot about how we move through life. Do we tread gently, or do we tread harshly? Do we posture ourselves aggressively, or compassionately?
So as a physical exercise, Zhan Zhuang might help you find where in your body you compensate during movement. It will help you be more mindful of the postural vs the prime mover. It will help you tailor your effort to actual ability.
But as a meditation it will help you focus on where we put our energy, how to focus that energy where we want it, and how to consciously relax body-and-mind.
So please, friends, explore body and mind through movement, and consider trying Zhan Zhuang for a while, too. 🙏




